iPod (Click Wheel) is referred to as the fourth-generation iPod. iPod (Click Wheel) models have a monochrome display. IPod (Click Wheel) models have a Click Wheel like the iPod mini, but are larger and the hold switch is on the top-right side. Model number and date introduced: A1059: July 2004 IPod photo models are functionally and visually identical to the iPod with colour display (see above photo). iPod photo (also known as iPod with colour display) These are considered fourth-generation models along with iPod (Click Wheel). They continue to have the same controls as iPod (Click Wheel) but now all models have a colour display like iPod photo - ideal for viewing album artwork and playing slideshows. IPod and iPod photo are now one and the same, with every white iPod boasting a full-colour display. Model number and date introduced: A1099: June 2005 The last three characters of the serial number are W9G. In September 2006, a model based on the iPod (5th generation Late 2006) was introduced. In June 2006, a new version of the iPod Special Edition U2 was introduced that is based on a 5th-generation iPod (also known as iPod with video) with a 30-GB hard drive. These are both also considered fourth-generation iPod models. In June 2005, a new version of the iPod Special Edition U2 was introduced that was based on an iPod with colour display. The first model was based on an iPod (Click Wheel) with a 20-GB hard drive. The iPod Special Edition U2 is a standard iPod model with some differences, including: black plastic exterior, red Click Wheel, signatures of the U2 band members engraved on the back and "iPod Special Edition U2" engraved on the back. The iPod (5th generation) comes in white and black. The iPod classic 160 GB (Late 2009) is a hard drive-based iPod featuring a large, widescreen colour display, a Click Wheel, and the capability of displaying photos and videos. Model number and date introduced: A1238: September 2009 The Click Wheel's button labels, which are on the wheel itself The Hold switch, which is on the top-left side IPod mini is distinguished from other models by: Model number and date introduced: A1051: January 2004 The Click Wheel text colour matches the colour of the device The hard-drive size is engraved on back of the device You can distinguish the iPod mini (2nd generation) models from the original iPod mini models by: Model number and date introduced: A1051: February 2005 The capacity of the drive is engraved on the front USB connector. There are LED lights on the front and back. IPod shuffle is smaller than iPod mini and has no display. Model number and date introduced: A1112: January 2005 The last three characters of the serial number will be one of these: 1ZH, 1ZK, 1ZM, 1ZP or 1ZR. IPod shuffle (2nd generation) is smaller than the original iPod shuffle and has no USB connector. Previous iPod shuffle generations had two. iPod shuffle (3rd generation) is smaller than the previous generations and has one status light. It has a clip similar to the iPod shuffle (2nd generation). This model has a headphone port that also connects to a computer's USB port. IPod shuffle (3rd generation) includes a single three-position switch that toggles between off, play in order and shuffle similar to the original iPod shuffle. Model number and date introduced: A1271: March 2009 The iPod shuffle (3rd generation Late 2009) also comes in a Special Limited Edition 4 GB model only available from the Apple Store. Model number and dates introduced: A1446: July 2015 You can also search, preview and buy songs from the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store on iPod touch. You can browse the web with Safari and watch YouTube videos on the first-ever Wi-Fi iPod. IPod touch features a 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch display and 8 GB, 16 GB or 32 GB flash drive. You can distinguish the iPod touch (2nd generation) from the previous model by its contoured design and oval shaped antennae cover in the back upper left-hand corner. IPod touch (2nd generation) features a 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch display and 8 GB, 16 GB or 32 GB flash drive. iPod touch (2nd generation)Ī1319 for China mainland only: September 2008 In the text below the engraving, look for the model number. You can distinguish the iPod touch (3rd generation) from iPod touch (2nd generation) by looking at the back of the device. IPod touch (3rd generation) features a 3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen Multi-Touch display and 32 GB or 64 GB flash drive. Model number and date introduced: A1318: September 2009 IPod touch (4th generation) is available in white and black. IPod touch (4th generation) has an iSight camera and FaceTime HD camera. This model is available in silver and has a FaceTime HD camera. Model number and date introduced: A1509: May 2013 iPod touch (5th generation 16 GB, Mid 2013) IPod touch (5th generation) is available in five colours.
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Remember, you'll need to pay $100 (about £69, AU$140) to enroll. CommandPost is a free and open source macOS application that bridges between control surfaces and software that doesnt support them natively, such as Apples. Click the 'Start Your Enrollment' to begin and then follow the instructions. You'll need an Apple ID, and provide your basic personal information. If you’re not currently enrolled, then go to the Apple Developer Program enrollment webpage, which will show you everything you need to sign up. Swish for MacOS MacAppDiscover thanks Mac Apps Bundles - YouTube Swish: control windows and applications right from your trackpad with intuitive swipe, pinch, tap and hold gestures. To do that, you need to be enrolled in the Apple Developer Program. Once you've downloaded macOS 11 Big Sur, you might want to play with the more cutting edge developments in the OS that aren't available to the public yet. How to enroll in the Apple Developer Program For information on how to do this, head over to our ultimate guide to backing up your Mac. Whenever you upgrade your operating system we highly recommend backing up the files on your Mac, so if anything goes wrong you can quickly restore your machine to its previous working order.īefore you download and install macOS 11 Big Sur, make sure your Mac is backed up. Major updates would be around US $10 ? a big difference in the price of Flash at US $275.(Image credit: Apple) Back up your Mac before upgrading to macOS 11 Big Sur Currently, SWiSH has a US $30 price tag, with free minor updates. Until you get a key, it will scramble text when you export to SWF. You just go to the site and download its trial version. Acquiring and using SWiSH is easy enough. Step 10: In the window, select the model of your Mac. Click macOS Post Install in the side menu or the drop-down menu in Utilities. Step 9: Let the installation finish, and once it is completed, reboot back into the installer drive (same as Step 5). It does not require Flash to be installed, too. Select where you want to install macOS and click Continue. Other system requirements include Pentium 100 or better, 32Mb of RAM, 256 color display or better. SWFs produced on the Mac, which means that you could create standard clips for your files and use them in your libraries. Still, you can create the files on a PC and use the. Right now, it works on Windows 95+/NT/2000 only. Currently, SWiSH doesn't work in Mac but they are looking into creating a version suitable with the Mac. Using SWiSH allows you to produce your sites with that level of standard and expertise. There may be arguments about how all the effects just look alike but remember that there are ?industry standard? and ?professional level? considerations on these things, just like in television and print. After installing this software, in less than five minutes, you can produce real content for your sites. Use it by controlling all the various attributes of each letter and click preview. With SWiSH, you can say good bye to all afternoon of breaking text up, making key frames and hand tweening ? plenty of hard work but is not anywhere near our idea of creativity. Download the app from Google Play or Galaxy Store. Right now, with the first version, you can use its maximum number of text effects to the hilt. Download the app from Google Play on your phone or tablet, or download Smart Switch PC from the link below for your PC or Mac. You can also manage your windows and tabs at ease with swipe gestures with the help of Swish. There are also future plans being expressed by Mitchie to support many of the features in Flash today ? this includes scripting, movie clips, audio, vector images and rollover buttons. next article or over-scroll to mark all as read. These plans for added functionality will give users more creativity in designing banners and navigation systems. Mitchie is hoping to release an update of its first version in May that will allow the use of images. The ?more? emphasis earlier is what's coming up in the future of this product. SWF for importing into Flash for fast font effects. So what's new with SWiSH? This tool enables you to create buttons and banners in the program itself. The Valley continues to be a leader in college athletics and is one of the nation’s most progressive conferences, celebrating its 116th season in 2022-23.įor the first time, the MVC will have 12 members as Belmont, UIC, and Murray State officially joined the Conference on July 1, 2022. Stay up to date with all of Belmont's athletic programs via the official app of the Belmont Bruins, available both in the Apple App Store and on Google Play.The Missouri Valley Conference (also called MVC or simply "The Valley") is the nation’s second-oldest NCAA Division I conference. With a host of newcomers, the Bruins return All-MVC performers Kevin and Kaitlyn Vanderkolk, Ethan Hammer and Katie Flaherty.īelmont has won 14 combined conference team championships, including eight women's titles and six men's titles, in its NCAA Division I era.įollow Belmont men's and women's cross country on social media - Twitter, on Instagram, and on Facebook - for complete coverage of the Bruins. 18 at Panorama Farms in Charlottesville, Virginia.Įntering its second year in the MVC, Belmont looks to have even more success after capturing a runner-up finish at last fall's MVC Women's Cross Country Championship and earning fourth place at last season's men's championship race. The 2023 NCAA Championships, which will be hosted by the University of Virginia, will take place on Saturday, Nov. 13 when Belmont travels to Tuscaloosa, Alabama, for the University of Alabama's Crimson Classic.įollowing the MVC Championships in the Music City in late October, the Bruins will journey to the Sunshine State for the NCAA South Regional Championships hosted by the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, on Friday, Nov. The Bruins will compete in another high-level race on Friday, Oct. ET and the women's 5K race getting underway at 8:45 a.m. Returning to the site of last October's MVC Championships, Belmont will take to the LaVern Gibson Championship Cross Country Course in Indiana with the men's 8K race starting at 8 a.m. 16 as the Bruins head to Indiana State's John McNichols Invitational in Terre Haute, Indiana, and stay local at Trevecca Nazarene's Michael Pretorius Invitational held at Percy Warner Park. The second weekend of the season will see Belmont split races on Saturday, Sept. The men's 5K will follow beginning at 10 a.m. on the Vaughn's Creek Course with the women's 5K. A race the Bruins have won six of the last seven seasons on the men's side and in 20 on the women's side, the Belmont Opener will start at 9:15 a.m. The MVC Championships will cap a regular season that is set to get underway on Friday, Sept. The men's 8K and women's 6K races will represent the first MVC Championship hosted by the Bruins. 27 at the Vaughn's Creek Cross Country Course. We are really looking forward to this fall and can't wait to start training with our squads in August."īelmont will host the 2023 Missouri Valley Conference Cross Country Championships on Friday, Oct. It will be great to host our first-ever MVC Championships as we get to race on our home course. "No doubt, we will face extremely fast fields in our September trip to Indiana State and our October race at Alabama. "We put together a schedule that we believe will prepare us best for the highly-competitive Valley championship races," commented coach Langdon. Announced by director of cross country and track and field Jeff Langdon Wednesday afternoon, the fall slate features five regular season meets, including two hosted by the Bruins at Percy Warner Park. – The 2023 Belmont University men's and women's cross country schedule has been revealed. Since the stub is not worn, the encounter may have even caused the cat's death. It's possible the break may relate to a defense wound thanks to a prey animal's well-placed hoof, antler, horn or swat. Morphological details of the fracture edges indicate the damage happened around this animal's time of death. One saber in the Iowa skull is broken off where the canine tooth emerges from the roof of the mouth. Put another way, 40% had survived major head trauma to hunt another day. For instance, a recent study of 166 modern lion skulls from Zambia revealed that 68 had healed or partially healed injuries associated with taking down prey. And attacking large prey equipped with defensive gear like horns, antlers, hooves and trunks is always dangerous and sometimes lethal. Repeated failure means death from starvation. His learning curve was probably a lot like lions and tigers as they mature physically and behaviorally. He likely garnered experience hunting by first watching his mother locate, stalk, ambush and kill prey and defend the carcasses, then perhaps with her help, and finally, alone. Whatever the case, at two or three years old, the cat obviously possessed the weaponry-jaws and paws-and heft to take down large prey alone. One of this cat’s distinctive sabers was broken off before it died. Other researchers see only minimal size differences and view sabertooth cats generally as solitary predators, perhaps more like tigers and all other felines. In the case of sabertooths, some scholars identify this pronounced sexual dimophisim between the sexes and contend these ancient cats lived in groups, akin to today's lions. In many living animals, males are typically larger than females in male-dominated harems, as in modern lions. Disagreement revolves around just how much of a size difference there is between males and females. However, whether sabertooths stuck together in groups or were loners is hotly debated. Observations of the life cycles of modern lions and tigers suggest this sabertooth was newly independent or on the cusp of independent living. Given a few years to mature and fill up loose skin, he might have tipped the scale at 650 pounds (300 kilograms). That's upwards of 110 pounds (50 kilograms) greater than the average adult male African lion. We estimate he weighed 550 pounds (250 kilograms). Several bones of the skull have not sealed together and the teeth are basically unworn, leading us to believe this individual was almost certainly a young male between 2 and 3 years old that was still growing. The Iowa skull is larger than those of many adult males from Rancho La Brea. Sabertooths are sexually dimorphic, with males generally larger than females. The animal's common name-sabertooth cat-comes from its highly distinctive, saberlike canine teeth that poke out of the mouth as much as 5 or 6 inches (13 to 15 centimeters). Easterla, and I are studying this specimen to learn more about the life history, prey selection and eventual extinction of this ancient predator. The Smilodon fatalis skull was collected from late Pleistocene sand and gravel exposed along the East Nishnabotna River. That's why the recent discovery of an exquisite sabertooth cat skull in southwestern Iowa is so exciting. The exception comes from Rancho La Brea in downtown Los Angeles, where over 1,000 individual sabertooths were mired in tar-seep death traps. Scientists have a relatively small and scattered inventory of sabertooth fossils. So the probability of burial, storage and discovery of carnivore bones and teeth is therefore slim compared to those belonging to herbivores. Prey are always more abundant than predators in a healthy ecosystem. "When you're a predator, you want to be able to locate your prey as accurately as possible," Gaillard told Live Science.Carnivore fossils are extremely rare, though, in comparison to those of their prey. "What we expect for any carnivore is that usually have very convergent orbits, meaning their vision is oriented toward the front," giving them good depth perception, said study lead author Charlène Gaillard, a postgraduate student at the Argentine Institute of Nivology, Glaciology, and Environmental Sciences (IANIGLA) in Mendoza, Argentina. The team noticed that the animal's odd cranial anatomy stood out compared with other carnivores, such as dogs and cats, whose eyes are more forward-facing to help them track prey, according to the study published Tuesday (March 21) in the journal Communications Biology. Scientists from Argentina and the United States examined computed tomography (CT) scans of the skulls of three of the large predators, which would have weighed roughly 220 pounds (100 kilograms) and went extinct about 3 million years ago. This ferocious marsupial is an extinct mammal from South America scientifically known as Thylacosmilus atrox. The one time purchase of PDF Expert offers all the same features as the subscription version, minus mobile access and updates. PDF Expert also offers a lifetime license for $139.99 so you can use it for an unlimited time as long as it remains compatible with the latest versions of macOS. PDF Expert is it’s made exclusively for Apple devices so it looks and works great on Mac, iPad and iPhones. Adobe Acrobat 2020 Standard Windows only.One time purchase version not integrated with Adobe Document Cloud.Works on the latest version of macOS Ventura.Powerful Microsoft Office conversions preserve formatting.Allows you to do pretty much anything to a PDF.Pricing: $358.80 Adobe Acrobat 2020 Standard (Windows only) / $538.80 Adobe Acrobat 2020 Pro (Windows and Mac) You can also read our full Adobe Acrobat Review for a more detailed look at it. You can buy Adobe Acrobat Pro as a one time purchase here. This means that Adobe Acrobat Pro 2020 does not include any quarterly Acrobat feature updates and does not allow you to access premium Adobe Document Cloud services such as Acrobat Sign via web browser or mobile device.įor more on the differences between the two products, check out our look at Adobe Acrobat Pro 2020 vs Adobe Acrobat Pro DC. Windows users can also purchase Adobe Acrobat Standard 2020 as a one time purchase for $358.00 but the Standard version is not available to Mac users.Īdobe Acrobat Pro 2020 allows you to do pretty much anything you can do with Adobe Acrobat Pro DC minus the updates and Adobe Document Cloud integration of the latter. This means that you get a perpetual license of Adobe Acrobat Pro 2020 for $538 which you can use indefinitely compared to $19.99 per month for Adobe Acrobat Pro DC. The product has been replaced by Adobe Acrobat Pro DC which is only available on subscription or part of Adobe Creative Cloud plans but Adobe still allows users to download and use Adobe Acrobat Pro 2020 with a perpetual license. Adobe Acrobat Pro 2020Īdobe Acrobat Pro 2020 is the last version of Adobe’s Acrobat Pro PDF editor that’s still available as a one-time purchase. With this in mind here are the best one time PDF editors for both Mac and Windows PCs in order of ranking. If a developer offers both a one time purchase and subscription version of its PDF editor, then you’ll also often find that the subscription version is better and with more features in an attempt to encourage users to go down the subscription route. Subscription PDF editors on the other hand are continually updated both with performance fixes and often new features too so you always have the latest version of the product with no end of life to worry about. Some will receive security updates and support updates when new versions of macOS or Windows are released but eventually they will be unsupported by the developer. One of the catches with most one time purchase PDF editing software is that they’re only supported with a limited number of updates after you’ve purchased them. The main disadvantage of one time purchase PDF editors is that they eventually become outdated and unsupported by the developer. Are There Any Disadvantages of One Time Purchase PDF Editors?Īre There Any Disadvantages of One Time Purchase PDF Editors?.You can find more information on the wonderful editing platform through the link given below. The different diverse and compact features of the platform and the security and reliability make PDFelement one of the best PDF creators ever. There is a series of markups available which enable you to highlight, underline, and strikeout or add links, add bookmarks or headers, and footers to customize your documents. Besides these creating features, it can help you edit, convert, sign, and combine PDF files. And lest I forget, PDFelement can compress and convert PDF to Word, PPT, Excel, etc.Īt the top of the list is PDFelement, which allows you to create PDF from files, scanner, clipboard, and create blank PDF and PDF portfolio. It has an inbuilt OCR (Optical Character Recognition) for scanning and converting PDFs into editable and searchable texts. Also, you can quickly merge different document files into a beautiful PDF file. For example, you can open your PDF file and add texts, shapes, free-hand drawings, and annotations. It boasts a simple UI where it reads, edits, annotates, and manages all your PDF files. Wondershare PDFelement is a simple PDF editor and creator for desktops and mobile phones. Pricing: 79.99/year and free for Reading PDF "Failed to init GPU thread 0, disabling device 0" or Sgminer: "All devices disabled, cannot mine!" or Please visit the nVidia web site to upgrade the GPU drivers. This error indicates that the GPU drivers are too old. Ccminer: "Your system does not support CUDA 9.0 API" orĮWBF Zcash miner: "no CUDA-capable device is detected".Please follow the guide how to Configure exclusions in Windows Defender. Some of the mining software being downloaded can be flagged as threats according to security and anti-virus software, as they sometimes are used by malicious software. If this error is displayed, Awesome Miner tried to download the mining software, but security software on your computer removed the miner software before Awesome Miner could start it. "The system cannot find the file specified" or.Please review any error messages as they will often include indications about the problem. This will launch the mining software, include information about the command line arguments Awesome Miner used to launch the software and also any output or error messages from the mining software. If a Managed Miner or Managed Profit Miner isn't starting correctly, click on the Diagnostics button in the toolbar. If any overclocking is made, restore the clock speed to the default values to ensure a stable baseline before proceeding with any overclocking. Please make sure that either the latest GPU drivers are used, or the GPU drivers that are recommended by the author of the mining software are used. Upgrade GPU drivers and disable overclocking If Remote Agent is used, please ensure that the same software version of Awesome Miner main application and Awesome Miner Remote Agent is installed. The currently installed version is displayed in the lower left corner of the application. Either click the blue Menu button and Check for updates or visit the Download page on the web site. The first step when troubleshooting is to upgrade Awesome Miner to the latest version. Troubleshooting GPU mining Upgrade Awesome Miner version So explore this section in case of adding a review or reading reviews on this software. This section is for adding a review on this software and also you can read all the published reviews on WBFS Manager for Windows. So if you need screenshots of this software for Windows PC than you can checked it out. This section of WBFS Manager for Windows will include all the screenshots of WBFS Manager for Windows. These sections will also help you to get more information about WBFS Manager for Windows PC. If you want to explore more about WBFS Manager for Windows PC than you can explore any of the section below about this software. WBFS Manager for Windows PC Help Sections So in case if you are looking for a Utilities software for your Windows PC than this app can become a good choice for you. But it's still increasing day by day and in future it can increase more. The total downloads and total views is not stopped here. Some of the all time data of WBFS Manager for Windows which can help you to understand the popularty of this app is that this app got total 6 downloads and total 794 views from users. After publishing this app on Filerox it start getting views or downloads from user. WBFS Manager for Windows is a software which is published on Filerox on 29 June, 2023 and last updated on 28 November, 2023. So in case if you are looking for a solution or any app in Utilities than in that case WBFS Manager for Windows can help you a lot. It can help you in Store all of your Wii games on a hard drive or USB memory. In this article I will going to provide some of the basic details about WBFS Manager for Windows which you need to know if you are about to use this app. You can also explore other software's available on Filerox in Utilities category. This app is one of the most popular app among it's users due to certain reasons. WBFS Manager for Windows is a program for Windows which fall in Utilities category and developed by AlexDP.
There is no official GameFAQs app, and we do not support nor have any contact with the makers of these unofficial apps. Continued use of these apps may cause your IP to be blocked indefinitely. This triggers our anti-spambot measures, which are designed to stop automated systems from flooding the site with traffic. Some unofficial phone apps appear to be using GameFAQs as a back-end, but they do not behave like a real web browser does.Using GameFAQs regularly with these browsers can cause temporary and even permanent IP blocks due to these additional requests. If you are using the Brave browser, or have installed the Ghostery add-on, these programs send extra traffic to our servers for every page on the site that you browse, then send that data back to a third party, essentially spying on your browsing habits.We strongly recommend you stop using this browser until this problem is corrected. The latest version of the Opera browser sends multiple invalid requests to our servers for every page you visit.The most common causes of this issue are: As we wait for new additions and releases, you can check about our current favorite racing games for PC below.Your IP address has been temporarily blocked due to a large number of HTTP requests. You can leave a comment in the section below. What has been your favorite racing video as of yet? Let us know about your favorite racing video games for the PC platform. That being said, we will continue adding some time-passing games and exciting titles as early as they release. We have added an outstanding repository of racing games that not only pass your time but are enjoyable and fantastic games to play. Over the years, you can feel few racing titles to be a bit dated. There is a diverse array of engaging racing video games for you to enjoy on every platform. Therefore, those who are looking to ignite the engine of an exotic racer, be it a very complicated sim or an arcade thriller, free download as we have offered some breakneck racers for you.įrom knocking down straightaway, drifting through dismal corners, and modifying your vehicle to achieve optimum performance, racing games have been remarkable for car lovers to casual gamers. We do not want to list them down, to prolong our discussion. Right from shifting a perfect gear to kicking out an impressive drift, a stunning racing game rejuvenates you. And the genre is not only about graphics and pleasing sound design, but rather it is about taking you into the action in the pilot seat, with your eyes feeling air at 240 kph. What are the best full version racing games in your viewpoint? A lot of elements constitute the best game. No matter you race a quad all through jungle or you ride on a BMX on the beach or roads, this site has the optimum free racing games. More so, you can race bikes, cars, boats, or even horses. And these offer a wide variety of different environments, such as a standard race track, a zigzag track, on land, on water, on snow. On our site, you can find a lot of racing games. You should always get your hands on your steering! Download the free racing games on our site, as this genre contains uphill racing games, city racing games, horse racing games, or rally racing games. Are you a fan of racing video games? Our website is loaded with some exciting car racing games for you. Recently, we have found that a simple lattice model can offer insight into the interpretation of both linear and two-dimensional IR (2D IR) experiments applied to study DNA oligonucleotide dehybridization. Turning to simplified models based on empirical results offers one route forward. As a result, the line shapes, intensities, and frequencies of these IR transitions are sensitive base-specific reporters of nucleic acid structure and, when tracked in time, base pairing dynamics. –1800 cm −1 range contains in-plane nucleobase modes and carbonyl stretches that are particularly useful for studying nucleic acid folding since the same physical interactions that mediate hybridization, namely, hydrogen bonding and base stacking, are also largely responsible for shaping the infrared spectrum in this region. Across the mid-IR, characteristic frequency ranges report on the sugar conformation, phosphate backbone orientation, glycosidic bond geometry, and the vibrations of the nucleobases themselves. 33,34 The toolbox of IR methods offers label-free structural information, and time-resolved IR spectroscopy can access dynamics down to the picosecond time scale. As a result, simple statistical models that can help explain experimental results in detail beyond the simplest all-or-none picture, but that lack finer detail and complexity, serve an important role.Īmong experimental methods, we and others have found infrared (IR) spectroscopy to be a valuable technique in the study of nucleic acid structure, 27–29 hydration, 30,31 folding dynamics, 8,9,32 and energy relaxation. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are capable of modeling the finest details of hybridization, 24–26 but relating simulated folding trajectories to experimental observables is nontrivial and running high-level MD simulations can present challenges to nonspecialists. Although this assumption is useful and adequate in many contexts, it has long been recognized that the all-or-none description is an oversimplification that offers little insight into the underlying molecular mechanism. Regardless of the experimental observable, the simplest and most widely applied model of hybridization thermodynamics and kinetics invokes the so-called all-or-none picture, in which all possible base pairs in a duplex are assumed fully intact and the transition to the single-strand state is marked by a concerted loss of all base pairing contacts. These methods include electronic 1–6 and vibrational spectroscopies, 7–9 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 10–12 fluorescence-based measurements, 13–17 calorimetry, 18–20 and single molecule optical tweezers 21–23 to name a few. The thermodynamics and kinetics of nucleic acid folding have been studied over several decades using a wide variety of experimental techniques that offer complementary information about the hybridization process. The model captures the interplay between configurational variation and the enthalpic stabilization of base pairing contacts in the context of a minimalist statistical description of DNA hybridization and offers useful insight beyond the simplest all-or-none picture. Calculated free energy surfaces offer insight into the interpretation of temperature-jump measurements of oligonucleotide dehybridization. Model predictions are directly related to experiments through computed melting curves. While the model provides a generally applicable tool, we illustrate specifically how it is used to interpret equilibrium and nonequilibrium infrared spectroscopy measurements and validate that the model correctly captures sequence and length dependent effects for sequences up to 18 nucleotides. Introducing a single free parameter for the excess entropy per unpaired nucleotide results in reasonable agreement with experiment. Translational entropy and concentration effects are modeled through a coarser lattice of single-strand sized sites. The conformational degrees of freedom of unpaired nucleotides in the single-strand or duplex state are modeled as self-avoiding walks of the polymer chain on a cubic lattice. Our model is a statistical extension of the nearest-neighbor model in which all possible combinations of broken and intact base pairs in the duplex state are considered explicitly. We present a lattice model developed to interpret oligonucleotide hybridization experiments beyond the two-state, all-or-none description. |
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